Classical furniture is a bright pearl in China's long and splendid art culture. The value of classical furniture is not only to serve the value of human beings, but also to agglutinate the different artistic styles of different periods formed in a specific environment, which comprehensively reflects the production development, living customs, concept consciousness, aesthetic taste and so on in different historical stages. The level of development of science and technology and material. The history of human use of furniture is very long, and the earliest and complete furniture remains discovered to date belong to the Warring States Period. The ancient furniture that people can see today is mainly the products of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The Ming Dynasty is the golden age in the history of Chinese furniture. During this period, the shape, decoration, crafts, materials, etc. of the furniture have reached a perfect situation, with elegant and concise characteristics of the times, and later known as "Ming-style furniture." The Qing style furniture is characterized by ingenious design, gorgeous decoration, fine workmanship and rich changes. In particular, the palace furniture of the Qianlong period, the superior material and the fine craftsmanship, reached the point where it could not be added. It is this period that established the style of Qing style furniture. Ming and Qing furniture typically embodies the extremely exquisite craft value, high artistic appreciation value, rich historical and cultural value and collection value of Chinese furniture.
Furniture can be generally divided into chair stools, table cases, bed type, cabinets and other miscellaneous items.
1. Ming furniture
Ming-style furniture refers to the furniture that was made in the pre-production period from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty furniture is structurally rationalized and artistically shaped to fully display the simple, bright and simple artistic style. It is also good at melting the elegance and the vulgarity in a furnace. It is elegant and elegant, and it does not hurt the elegance. It achieves the perfect unity of aesthetics, mechanics and function.
The overall structure of the Ming style furniture is mainly in the form of a frame pattern, and has two structural features: a waist and no waist. The non-waisted furniture is mainly rounded legs and the shape is simple and steady. There are waist-sleeve furniture with straight legs, or three-legged legs or drum legs, which are thick and graceful. These two methods of creation give people the feeling of being imaginary, real and steady, and successfully embody the beauty of science and art.
Another feature of Ming style furniture is that it is particularly beautiful. It does not win with luxuriant floral ornaments, but the lines that focus on the outer contours of the furniture vary from object to object, each with its own posture, giving a strong line of beauty. Such as the "S"-shaped chair back, it is not only in line with the physiological characteristics of people, but also unique. The change and application of the line foot is another embodiment of the shape of the Ming furniture. The line foot refers to the shape line at the edge of the furniture frame. Through the combination of different proportions of plane, concave, convex, convex and male lines, the ever-changing geometric section is formed, which achieves a distinct decorative effect and is very artistic.
The Ming style furniture decoration method is good at refining and exquisite, mainly through wood grain, engraving, inlay and accessory components, reaching an unprecedented level. On the selection of materials, paying great attention to the texture of the wood, the “beautiful material†with clear texture and good looks is always placed in the prominent part of the furniture, and it is especially useful for watching. There are many kinds of carving techniques, such as relief, openwork, embossing and openwork, and round carving. Among them, relief is most commonly used. The subject matter of engraving is very wide, and there are roughly grass, lotus, moiré, ganoderma, dragon, crepe, flowers and birds, beasts, landscapes, figures, phoenixes, religious patterns, and so on. The knives are smooth and vivid. Most of the engraving parts are in the back panel, dental board, teeth, and the surrounding of the furniture. They are often carved in small areas, with less wins and more elaborate decoration effects.
2. Qing style furniture
In the early Qing Dynasty, the furniture followed the style of Ming style furniture. However, with the development of history, the integration of Manchu culture, and the influence of Chinese and Western cultural exchanges, Qing Emperor Kangxi gradually formed a style of Qing style furniture that focused on form, pursued Qi Qiao, and advocated gorgeous style. At the time of Qianlong, it reached its peak. The furniture of the Qianlong period, especially the court furniture, has excellent materials and exquisite workmanship, especially the decoration is long, and the combination of various materials and various techniques is a typical representative of Qing style furniture.
In the materials, the furniture before the middle of the Qing Dynasty, especially the furniture in the palace, the rare hardwoods with deep color, dense texture and fine texture, among which rosewood is the first choice, followed by rosewood and chicken wing wood. The materials used are all in one color, and the various wood materials are not mixed. In order to ensure the consistency and firmness of the appearance and color texture, some furniture is made of a wooden joint instead of small materials. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the above three kinds of wood were gradually missing, and the é‚ was replaced by mahogany.
In terms of decoration, in order to pursue the luxurious and luxurious decorative effect, the use of various decorative materials and the use of various arts and crafts means can be said to be a great result of decorative techniques. However, some Qing style furniture is decorated for decoration, and the carvings are too much, which has become a major drawback of Qing style furniture.
The most decorative methods used in Qing style furniture are carving, setting and depicting. The carving knife is delicate and delicate, and the most common use of the openwork is to highlight the effect of the ethereal and transparent, sometimes combined with the relief to achieve a better three-dimensional effect. Inlaid in Qing style furniture is more commonly used, there are wood inlay, bamboo inlay, bone inlay, dental inlay, stone inlay, screw inlay, treasure inlay, inlay or even agate inlay, amber inlay, etc., rich in variety, colorful , gorgeous and eye-catching. Among them, the technique of sputum was introduced from abroad, and the decoration for furniture was only found in the Qing Dynasty. Gold painting and painting are also the common decorative means of furniture in the Qing Dynasty. The auspicious pattern is the favorite decorative theme of Qing style furniture.
Looking at the Qing style furniture, represented by the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the general characteristics are rich in variety, varied in style, pursuing Qi Qiao; decorative rich and luxurious, and can absorb foreign culture, blending Chinese and Western art. The shape is characterized by stable and heavy majestic temperament, and the production of high-level crafts such as carving, embedding, drawing, painting, lacquering, and rhinoceros. The variety not only has the type of Ming Dynasty furniture, but also extends many forms of new furniture. Qing style furniture has a distinctive feature that is different from the Ming Dynasty style.
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